The African American Lectionary

Worship Resources

KWANZAA

MUSIC & WORSHIP RESOURCES

Sunday, December 28, 2008 (Kwanzaa is traditionally celebrated December 26 - January 1)

Sharon L. Fuller, Guest Lectionary Liturgist
Minister of Music, Tabernacle Baptist Church, Charlotte, NC and founder, B.O.S.S. Ministries Incorporated

Worship Planning Notes
The Scripture references (Genesis 50:24-26; Acts 7:2-16) for this liturgical moment remind us to “remember” our ancestral heritage.

Even though Kwanzaa is celebrated during the end of the Christmas holiday, it is important because it is a platform by which we renew and affirm the strengths and values of African Americans and our ancestors. Worship planners, focus on recognizing and promoting black artists, black composers, spirituals, and folk songs and introducing art forms that support and reflect black heritage. Kwanzaa is also a time to celebrate our uniqueness instead of perpetuating the notion of “the melting pot.” Take this time to remember and reflect on our ancestry. Tell the whole story of our history.

Our task is clear for Kwanzaa celebrations: to facilitate a “remembrance” of our history without erasing any part of the past, so that we are empowered for the future. We must also remember the oral nature of much of our history and provide the rhythm for the rhyme through drumming.

As worship leaders, we are to facilitate, teach, and incorporate the ministry of worship arts to glorify God; nothing more and nothing less. With that in mind, Kwanzaa is an observance that can easily be celebrated by Christians. The seven basic principles of Kwanzaa are unknowingly practiced by believers on a daily basis; the principles are also an integral part of Black Theology. The principles are:

Unity, Umoja (U-mo-ja);
Self-determination, Kuujichagulia (Ku-ji-cha-gu-li-a);
Collective Work and Responsibility, Ujima;
Cooperative Economics, Ujamaa (U-ja-ma);
Purpose, Nia (Ni-a);
Creativity, Kuumba (Kuumba); and
Faith, Imani (I-man-I).

See today’s cultural resource unit for additional information on Kwanzaa.

Familiarize yourself and the congregation with the seven principles of Kwanzaa via your Worship Arts ministry. Be creative. Create the right atmosphere through banners, incense, and Pan-African décor that depicts our true native customs. Think outside of the box to achieve this ministry endeavor.

1. Litany, Responsive Reading, or Invocation
(a) Call to Worship

A Christian Affirmation of THE NGUZO SABA (pronounced: n-GU-zo SAH-bah)

LEADER:
Ruach Elohim (The Spirit of God), enable us to acknowledge and accept the deity of the Triune God who is the Creator, Provider, Sustainer, and Savior of humanity. We ask You to bless our worship experience as we embrace the Seven Principles of Kwanzaa: THE NGUZO SABA. Bless this assembly and all African and other symbols used in this service.

PEOPLE:
All Wise God, grant us wisdom an understanding as in the days of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob to honor the call to be Your chosen people. Having been brought to an unfamiliar land, and marked by this history, allow us to acknowledge You as the God who never left us.

1st Principle: Umoja (Unity)

LEADER:
O Ancient of Days, we invoke Your holy presence as we identify, recall, and relay the first
principle of Kwanzaa: UMOJA, the principle of unity. “Behold how good and pleasant it is for
brethren to dwell together in unity.” (Psalm 133) Help us to be a unified people while interacting
with various communities: family, neighbors, friends, believers, nations, and races, as unity is a
blessing from God.

PEOPLE:
UMOJA! May we employ the element of unity as we continue to acknowledge the Triune God.
May we strive to maintain the true spirit of unity as we walk as your people around the world. Umoja!

2nd Principle: Kujichagulia (Self-Determination)

LEADER:
O, Elohim, as we call and relay the second principle of Kwanzaa: KUJICHAGULIA, the principle of self-determination, teach us how to be self-determining believers as You created us. Help us to know Your will for our lives so that we may help others. “We then that are strong ought to bear the infirmities of the weak, and not to please ourselves. Let every one of us please lift his neighbor for his good to edification.” (Romans 15:1-2)

PEOPLE:
KUJICHAGULIA! We will learn to live self-determined lives knowing that our actions must help others and ourselves. Kujichagulia!

3rd Principle: Ujima (Collective Work and Responsibility)

LEADER:
Adonai, as we call and relay the third principle of Kwanzaa: UJIMA, the principle of collective work and responsibility, grant us the wisdom to develop and maintain collective interests. Teach us how to think collectively and build collectively the family unit and our neighborhoods and to truly be our brother’s and sister’s keeper as You are the Keeper of our souls.

PEOPLE:
UJIMA! We will strive to embody a spirit of collective work and responsibility, building and maintaining our communities as did our ancestors. Ujima!

4th Principle: Ujamaa (Collective Economics)

LEADER:
Ha Shem, as we call and relay the fourth principle of Kwanzaa: UJAMAA, the principle of cooperative economics, grant us the wisdom to have the tenacity to build and maintain businesses within our communities. Teach us how to think and build cost-effective businesses that will be profitable for both the owner and consumer. Teach us to be mainly savers not consumers.

PEOPLE:
UJAMAA! God has provided for us. We will be good and faithful stewards over all that you have provided. Together we will build and profit. Ujamaa!

5th Principle: Nia (Purpose)

LEADER:
As Christians, we call and relay the fifth principle of Kwanzaa: NIA, which means purpose. We exist for the purposes of worship, ministry, evangelism, fellowship, and discipleship. Ecclesiastes 12:13b (KJV) says, Fear God, and keep his commandments: for this is the whole duty of man [and woman].

PEOPLE:
NIA! We will keep God’s commandments! This is our purpose. We will love God and our neighbor as ourselves; this is our purpose. We will live as a beacon to the world; we will live as those who give light to the world; and as salt that gives flavor to the world. This is our purpose. Nia!

6th Principle: Kuumba (Creativity)

LEADER:
The creativity of Yahweh Elohim is unsurpassed! We call and relay the sixth principle of Kwanzaa: KUUMBA: creativity. Help us to continue to share our creativity with the world through music, painting, food, dance, worship, and all endeavors in which we engage. We honor the creativity of our people.

PEOPLE:
KUUMBA! We acknowledge the creative genius of God that is provided for all creation to enjoy. Allow us to keep our minds and hearts open so that God can create what the world needs through us. Kuumba!

7th Principle: Imani (Faith)

LEADER:
“Now faith is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen.” (Hebrews 11:1) As we call and relay the seventh principle of Kwanzaa: IMANI, the principle of faith, help us to be greater people of faith “for without faith it is impossible to please you. “(Hebrews 11:6b)

PEOPLE:
IMANI! We have come this far by faith. We affirm the values and customs of our ancestors and give thanks for their sojourn as we seek to emulate the best of what they have bequeath to us. We have faith in God, faith in one another, faith in our race, faith in our selves, and faith in humanity. Imani!

ALL:
“Shadowed beneath Thy hand,
May we forever stand,
True to our God,
True to our native land.”
(From “Lift Every Voice and Sing,” by James Weldon Johnson)

We now observe a moment of silence out of respect for our ancestors (living and dead) and our heritage (past, present, and future).
Next: Candles are lit by clergy or other designated persons at the altar. A speaker says: “We now each light a candle in silence in celebration of our ancestors.” A total of seven (7) candles are then lit.
Next: Ministers or other designated persons (a total of four) will come to the front of the church and into a large bowl, pour libations (water and oil), after reciting each of the following lines:
- For our ancestors (We pour libations)
- For the dying (We pour libations)
- For the glorious cloud of witnesses ( We pour libations)
- For life, health, and strength (We pour libations). Amen.

The bowl remains on the altar or on a stand throughout the service.

2. Hymns and Congregational Songs
(a) Lift Every Voice and Sing. By James Weldon Johnson. Tune, (ANTHEM), by J. Rosamund Johnson

(b) All Is Well. Text and Tune by James Hendrix

(c) Siyahamba. South African folksong

(d) The Hills of Life. By Charles Albert Tindley

(e) I Am Thinking of Friends (What Are They Doing in Heaven?). By Charles Albert Tindley

(f) We’ll Understand It Better By and By. By Charles Albert Tindley

3. Spirituals or Traditional Songs
(a) Go Down Moses. Spiritual

(b) Halleluya! Pelo Tsa Rona. South African spiritual (Sotho)

(c) Imela. Text: Nigerian traditional; English adapt. by Nolan Williams, Jr.

(d) Oh, Freedom. Traditional

(e) There’s a Great Camp Meeting (Walk Together Children). Traditional

(f) Thuma Mina. South African spiritual, (Zulu). Tune, (THUMA MINA), South African

4. Gospel Songs for Choirs, Ensembles, or Praise Teams
(a) Koinonia. By V. Michael McKay

(b) Songs That Brought Us Over Medley: We’ve Come This Far by Faith (Albert A. Goodson), I’ve Decided to Make Jesus My Choice (Harrison Johnson), Lord Keep Me Day by Day (Eddie Williams), and I’ll Fly Away (Albert E. Brumley). Arr. by Kurt Carr

(c) Unity. Text by Glorraine Moone based on Psalm 113:1. Tune by Glorraine Moore

(d) Through It All. By Andraé Crouch

(e) Welcome to My Father’s House. By V. Michael McKay

5. Liturgical Dance Music
(a) Kumbaya. African American Spiritual. Adapted lyrics and music by Kurt Carr

(b) Kwanzaa Theme Song. By Okera Ras I

(c) Something Inside So Strong. By Labi Siffre

6. Anthems
(a) The Nguzo Saba Suite, Opus 41. By Glenn Burleigh. For SATB and TTBB

(b) Freedom Is Coming. By Anders Nyberg. Arr. by Henry Leck

(c) N’Kosi Sikelel I’Africa. By Enoch Sontonga. Arr. by Gabriel Larentz-Jones. For men’s voices TTBB

(d) Lift Every Voice and Sing. By James Weldon Johnson and John Johnson. A capella arr. by Jody Gray

7. Modern Songs
(a) Somehow I Made It. By James Cleveland

(b) Don’t Forget to Remember. By Donald Lawrence

(c) Restoring the Years. By Donald Lawrence

(d) You Are an Heir. By Donald Lawrence

8. Children and Youth
(a) Halleluya! Pelo Tsa Rona. South African spiritual

(b) Imani. By Charles Mims, Jr. and Patsy Moore

(c) Kum Ba Yah. Text and Tune, (DESMOND), by Marvin V. Frey

(d) Seven Joyous Days: Celebrate Kwanzaa. By Denis Fortune and Alan Jackson

9. Offertory Song or Instrumental
(a) Running Over. By Joe Pace II

(b) What Shall I Render. By Margaret Douroux

10. Song or Instrumental for the Period of Prayer
(a) Prayer for Africa.

(b) Come By Here. African American Spiritual

(c) Come By Here, My Lord. Tune, (DESMOND), by Marvin V. Frey

11. Sermonic Selection
(a) Faith. By Andra Woods. Arr. by Thomas Whitfield

(b) My Heavenly Father Watches Over Me. Text and Tune, (HEAVENLY FATHER), by W. C. Martin

12. Invitational Song or Instrumental
(a) The Decision. By V. Michael McKay

(b) Are You Ready to Change? By Michael Robinson

13. Benediction Song or Instrumental
(a) Always Remember. By Andraé Crouch

(b) Lord, Make Me More Holy. American Slave Spiritual. Arr. by Lena McLin. For SATB

(c) Lord, Make Me More Holy. African American traditional

(d) Till We Gather Again. By Stephen F. Key

14. Audio Visual Suggestions
(a) Create a newsletter entitled: HABARI?

“Habari Gani” (hah – BAR – ee GAH – nee) is a Swahili term meaning “What is the news?”

To introduce the theme of Kwanzaa to your congregation, be creative in your newsletter. Utilize the three primary colors of Kwanzaa: black, red, and green: black for the people of the African diaspora, red for the blood shed via the African diaspora/struggle, and green for the land and future/hope that comes from the struggle.

Use the newsletter as an opportunity to introduce to some and reinforce for others various elements of Kwanzaa: history, the seven principles, roots and branches, the symbols, appropriate greetings, gifts, colors and decorations, and Kwanzaa meditations.

Descriptions and illustrations of various musical instruments found in Africa could be identified in the newsletter or your church bulletin.

It is important to include a section that provides information regarding the composers and artists selected for the worship experience. This can be a wonderful teaching and learning tool for the congregation and ministry participants.

Also, include a listing of black-owned businesses to emphasize Ujamaa (cooperative economics). There are likely business owners in your church. If you cannot create a newsletter, at least list Kwanzaa information in red, black and green in your church bulletin.

(b) Perform a skit using a soundtrack created by Kwanzaa Kwest Media.
Approximate performance time: 5 minutes

This soundtrack provides a comprehensive yet concise overview of Kwanzaa. Two main characters are needed to bring this skit to life. Additional characters may also be used. Props will definitely enhance the significance and enjoyableness of the skit. Each key principle of Kwanzaa may be emphasized by printed media (posters, handouts) and presented at the appropriate time. A free download of the skit may be obtained at http://www.kwanzaamedia.com/free_infotainment_cd.htm. The soundtrack and video may be purchased at http://www.kwanzaamedia.com/index.html. This skit may be performed using a mime ministry as well.

(c) Create and Display Crafts and Tapestries
Banners should be made to provide a visual display of the Seven Principles of Kwanzaa (Nguzo Saba).

(d) Creative Learning Exercises (Can also be used with Children and Youth)

www.edHelper.com provides learning activities for Kwanzaa. To obtain a free copy of these activities, go to http://www.edhelper.com/Kwanzaa.htm.
Kwanzaa Land, located at http://www.kwanzaaland.com, also provides creative activities and resources.

15. Other Recommendations
(a) Use of Percussion Instruments:
Incorporate various percussion instruments (Djundjun, Ngoma, Axatse, Kora, Double bell, Mbira, Balofone, Gankogi bell, Hosho, and Chitendi), as accompaniment for poems and songs. Also, if you have CDs of instrumental music, you can choose to read a poem with background music (using percussion instruments) rather than sing.

(b) Learning/Teaching Resources:

“All Things Considered: A Closer Look at Black Liberation Theology” by Barbara Bradley Hagerty, on National Public Radio
The Official Kwanzaa Website. Kwanzaa - A Celebration of Family, Community, and Culture
The Kwanzaa Kwest Video
African American Christian Worship by Melva Costen

Cites and Additional Information for Music and Material Listed

1. Litany, Responsive Reading, or Invocation
(a) Call to Worship
Location:

A Christian Affirmation of THE NGUZO SABA for Kwanzaa Celebrations. By Sharon Laverne Fuller, based on Kwanzaa principles developed by Dr. Maulana Karenga.

2. Hymns and Congregational Songs
(a) Lift Every Voice and Sing. By James Weldon Johnson. Tune, (ANTHEM), by J. Rosamund Johnson
Location:

African American Heritage Hymnal. Chicago, IL: GIA Publications, 2001. #540
African Methodist Episcopal Zion Bicentennial Hymnal. Nashville, TN: A.M.E. Zion Publishing House, 1996. #653

Lead Me, Guide Me: The African American Catholic Hymnal. Chicago, IL: GIA Publications, 1987. #291

The New National Baptist Hymnal 21st Century Edition. Nashville, TN: Triad Publications, 2005. #457

Songs of Zion. #32

Church of God in Christ. Yes, Lord! Church of God in Christ Hymnal. Memphis, TN: Church of God in Christ Pub. Board in association with the Benson Co., 1982. #506

(b) All Is Well. Text and Tune by James Hendrix
Location:

Cleveland, J. Jefferson, and Verolga Nix. Songs of Zion. Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press, 1981. #5

African American Heritage Hymnal. #164

(d) The Hills of Life. By Charles Albert Tindley
Location:

Beams of Heaven: Hymns of Charles Albert Tindley. General Board of Global Ministries, The United Methodist Church, New York, NY: GBGMusik, 2006. #12

(e) I Am Thinking of Friends (What Are They Doing in Heaven?). By Charles Albert Tindley
Location:

Beams of Heaven: Hymns of Charles Albert Tindley. #15

Songs of Zion. #63

(f) We’ll Understand It Better By and By. By Charles Albert Tindley
Location:

African American Heritage Hymnal. #418
The New National Baptist Hymnal 21st Century Edition. #288

Yes, Lord! Church of God in Christ Hymnal. #135

(3) Spirituals or Traditional Songs
(a) Go Down Moses. Spiritual
Location:

African American Heritage Hymnal. #543
African Methodist Episcopal Zion Bicentennial Hymnal. #623

Lead Me, Guide Me: The African American Catholic Hymnal. #292

The New National Baptist Hymnal 21st Century Edition. #490

Songs of Zion. #212

(b) Halleluya! Pelo Tsa Rona. South African spiritual (Sotho)
Location:

African American Heritage Hymnal. #180

(c) Imela. Text: Nigerian traditional; English adapt. by Nolan Williams, Jr.; (copyright Christ Church Gospel Band, Uwani-Engu; Arr. by John L. Bell, copyright Iona Community)
Location:

African American Heritage Hymnal. #535

(d) Oh, Freedom. Traditional
Location:

African American Heritage Hymnal. #545

(e) There’s a Great Camp Meeting (Walk Together Children). Traditional
Location:

Songs of Zion. #156

(f) Thuma Mina. South African spiritual, Zulu. Tune, (THUMA MINA), South African
Location:

African American Heritage Hymnal. #564

4. Gospel Songs for Choirs, Ensembles, or Praise Teams
(a) Koinonia. By V. Michael McKay
Location:

African American Heritage Hymnal. #579

(b) Songs That Brought Us Over Medley. We’ve Come This Far By Faith (Albert A. Goodson), I’ve Decided to Make Jesus My Choice (Harrison Johnson), Lord Keep Me Day by Day (Eddie Williams), and I’ll Fly Away (Albert E. Brumley). Arr. by Kurt Carr
Location:

Carr and the Kurt Carr Singers. No One Else. New York, NY: Zomba, 2001.

African American Heritage Hymnal. #338

(d) Through It All. By Andraé Crouch
Location:

The New National Baptist Hymnal 21st Century Edition. #402

(e) Welcome to My Father’s House. By V. Michael McKay
Location:

African American Heritage Hymnal. #340

5. Liturgical Dance Music
(a) Kumbaya. African American Spiritual. Adapted lyrics and music by Kurt Carr
Location:

Carr, Kurt. No One Else. New York, NY: Zomba, 2001.

(b) Kwanza Theme Song. By Okera Ras I
Location:

Kwanzaa Kwest Soundtrack. Nguzo Saba. New York, NY: Okera Ras I for Kwanzaa Media, 1991, 1994.
Free lyrics sheet available at:
http://www.kwanzaamedia.com/lyrics/kwanzaa_kwest_lyrics.pdf.

Armstrong, Vanessa Bell. Gospel Greats Live, Vol. 1. New York, NY: BMG Special Product, 2004.

6. Anthems
(a) The Nguzo Saba Suite, Opus 41. By Glenn Burleigh. For SATB and TTBB
Location:

Glenn Burleigh Music Workshop and Ministry, Inc.
P.O. Box 16091
Oklahoma City, OK 73113
Phone: 405-842-3470 - Music Orders

Online location: www.glenmusik.com

(b) Freedom Is Coming. By Anders Nyberg. Arr. by Henry Leck
Location:

Vocal score for anthem available
Emerson Music
4650 Arrow Hwy, Unit D-1
Montclair, CA 91763
Phone: 1-800-518-7214

Online location: http://www.emersonmusiconline.com

The Turtle Creek Chorale, First Baptist Church of Hamilton Park Men’s Chorus and New Arts Six: Singing African Spiritual Gospel Music. United We Sing. Dallas, TX: Turtle Creek Records, 1994.
Vocal score for anthem available
Emerson Music
Phone: 1-800-518-7214

Online location: http://www.emersonmusiconline.com

(d) Lift Every Voice and Sing. By James Weldon Johnson and John Johnson. A capella arr. by Jody Gray
Location:

Free Voices of Praise Choir. The Kwanzaa Album: Women of the Calabash. New York, NY: Bermuda Reef Records, 1998.

7. Modern Songs
(a) Somehow I Made It. By James Cleveland
Location:

The Legendary Craig Brothers. “Live” in Detroit. Detroit, MI: Majestic International, 2007.

Audio Sample available at: http://profile.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=user.viewprofile&friendID=133162263

(b) Don’t Forget to Remember. By Donald Lawrence
Location:

Donald Lawrence and the Tri City Singers. Bible Stories. New York, NY: Zomba, 2004.

Donald Lawrence and Co. I Speak Life. New York, NY: Zomba, 2004.

(d) You Are an Heir. By Donald Lawrence
Location:

Donald Lawrence and the Tri City Singers. Finalé. New York, NY: EGD, 2006.

8. Children and Youth
(a) Halleluya! Pelo Tsa Rona. South African spiritual
Location:

African American Heritage Hymnal. #180

(b) Imani. By Charles Mims, Jr. and Patsy Moore
Location:

Various Artists. Kwanzaa for Young People (And Everyone Else). New York, NY: Orchard, 1999.

African American Heritage Hymnal. #437
African Methodist Episcopal Zion Bicentennial Hymnal. #620

The New National Baptist Hymnal 21st Century Edition. #346

(d) Seven Joyous Days: Celebrate Kwanzaa. By Denis Fortune and Alan Jackson
Location:

Let’s Celebrate Kwanzaa Sing-Along. New York, NY: Peter Pan Records, 2000.

9. Offertory Song or Instrumental
(a) Running Over. By Joe Pace II
Location:

Joe Pace Presents: Sunday Morning Service. New York, NY: Integrity Gospel/Epic, 2004.

(b) What Shall I Render. By Margaret Douroux
Location:

African American Heritage Hymnal. #389
Yes, Lord! Church of God in Christ Hymnal. #346

10. Song or Instrumental for the Period of Prayer
(a) Prayer for Africa.
Location:

Songs of Zion. #12

(b) Come By Here. African American Spiritual
Location:

Lead Me, Guide Me: The African American Catholic Hymnal. #218

African American Heritage Hymnal. #543

11. Sermonic Selection
(a) Faith. By Andra Woods. Arr. by Thomas Whitfield
Location:

Armstrong, Vanessa Bell. Chosen. White Plains, NY: Onyx Records, 1986.

(b) My Heavenly Father Watches Over Me. Text and Tune, (HEAVENLY FATHER), by W. C. Martin
Location:

African American Heritage Hymnal. #144
The New National Baptist Hymnal 21st Century Edition. #53

Yes, Lord! Church of God in Christ Hymnal. #139

12. Invitational Song or Instrumental
(a) The Decision. By V. Michael McKay
Location:

African American Heritage Hymnal. #388
GIA Publications, Inc.
7404 South Mason Avenue
Chicago, IL 60638
Phone: 1-800-GIA-1358

Online location: www.giamusic.com

N Time Music
4913 Albemarle Road
Charlotte, NC 28205
Phone: 704-531-8961

Online location: www.ntimemusic.com

(b) Are You Ready to Change? By Michael Robinson
Location:

Greater St. Stephens Full Gospel Mass Choir. As For Me & My House. Summit, MS: Blackberry Records, 1999.

13. Benediction Song or Instrumental
(a) Always Remember. By Andraé Crouch
Location:

African American Heritage Hymnal. #640

(b) Lord, Make Me More Holy. American Slave Spiritual. Arr. by Lena McLin. For SATB
Location:

Vocal score for anthem available
Neil A. Kjos Music Company
4382 Jutland Drive
San Diego, CA 92117
Phone: 858-270-9800

Online location: http://kjos.com
Sheet Music Plus
Online location: www.sheetmusicplus.com

African American Heritage Hymnal. #632
Lead Me, Guide Me: The African American Catholic Hymnal. #222

(d) Till We Gather Again. By Stephen F. Key
Location:

African American Heritage Hymnal. #638

15. Other Recommendations
(a) Use of Percussion Instruments:
Descriptions of various instruments may be found at http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/teachers/curriculum/m13/activity2.php; Free samples of great African drumbeats and music may be obtained at http://www.theholidayspot.com/kwanzaa/kwanzaa_music.htm

(b) Learning/Teaching Resources:

Hagerty, Barbara Bradley. “All Things Considered: A Closer Look at Black Liberation Theology.” National Public Radio (NPR). Online location: http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=88512189

Karenga, Maulana. “Kwanzaa: A Celebration of Family, Community and Culture.” 2008 The Official Kwanzaa Website. The website of Dr. Maulana Karenga, founder of Kwanzaa. Online location: http://www.officialkwanzaawebsite.org/index.shtml

Kwanzaa Kwest Video. (Free CD available) Online location: http://www.kwanzaamedia.com/video.htm
Phone: 1-800-614-3641 E-mail: info@kwanzaamedia.com

Costen, Melva. African American Christian Worship. Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press, 1993.